Petrocapitalism, displacement, and (im)mobilities in Imbolo Mbue’s How Beautiful We Were

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17159/tl.v62i1.18794

Keywords:

(im)mobility, petrocapitalism, displacement, slow violence, climate witnessing, trauma

Abstract

In this article, I analyse the movement of human and nonhuman bodies in Imbolo Mbue’s How Beautiful We Were (2021). I argue that the depiction of the environmental and social damage caused by oil extraction in the novel resists the dominant discourse of the Anthropocene by refusing to universalise the threats produced by ecological crisis, embedding environmental vulnerability within histories of colonial violence and forced displacement and particularising the bodies that bear the cost of disasters. My reading of toxicity, the flow of capital, and networks of power demonstrates how agency is shaped by mobility, immobility, and attachment to place and points to the possibilities of resistance and change outlined in the book. How Beautiful We Were deploys multiple narrators and adopts an innovative way of telling the community’s story to convey the multigenerational and ongoing nature of postcolonial trauma. I argue that the use of petro-magic-realism and we-narrative makes the novel an example of collective climate witnessing and provides a means to combat environmental forgetting. Although the shift from forced immobility to forced mobility depicted in Mbue’s book may point to dark times ahead, I propose to interpret the focus on children as allowing for imagining the future as a time of positive transformation. 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Katarzyna Więckowska, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland

    Katarzyna Więckowska is associate professor in the Department of Anglophone Literature, Culture, and Comparative Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.

References

Alaimo, Stacy. Bodily Natures: Science, Environment, and the Material Self. Indiana U P, 2010.

Albrecht, Glenn A. Earth Emotions: New Words for a New World. Cornell U P, 2019.

Baldwin, Andrew. “Pluralising Climate Change and Migration: An Argument in Favour of Open Futures.” Geography Compass vol. 8, no. 8, 2014, pp. 516–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12145.

Bekhta, Natalya. We-Narratives: Collective Storytelling in Contemporary Fiction. Ohio State U P, 2020.

Bennett, Jane. Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things. Duke U P, 2010.

Boas, Ingrid et al. “Climate Mobilities: Migration, Im/mobilities and Mobility Regimes in a Changing Climate.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies vol. 48, no.14, 2022, pp. 3365–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2066264.

Butler, Judith. Frames of War: When is Life Grievable? Verso, 2009.

Caracciolo, Marco. Narrating the Mesh: Form and Story in the Anthropocene. U of Virginia P, 2021.

Craps, Stef. “Lost Words and Lost Worlds: Combatting Environmental Generational Amnesia.” Memory Studies Review vol. 1, no.1, 2024, pp. 36–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/29498902-20240001.

Craps, Stef. Postcolonial Witnessing: Trauma out of Bounds. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.Crutzen, Paul & Eugene Stoermer. “The ‘Anthropocene’.” IGBP Newsletter vol. 41, 2000, pp. 17–8.

Davis, Heather & Zoe Todd. “On the Importance of a Date, or, Decolonizing the Anthropocene.” ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies vol. 16, no. 4, 2017, pp. 761–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v16i4.1539.

Demos, T. J. Return to the Postcolony: Specters of Colonialism in Contemporary Art. Sternberg, 2013.

Fanon, Franz. The Wretched of the Earth, translated by Constance Farrington. Grove, 1963.

Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed, translated by Myra Bergman Ramos. Penguin Random House, 1996.

Ghosh, Amitav. Incendiary Circumstances: A Chronicle of the Turmoil of Our Times. Houghton Mifflin, 2005, pp. 138–51.

Gucha, Ramachandra & Joan Martinez-Alier. Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South. Earthscan, 2006.

Haraway, Donna. Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Duke U P, 2016.

Iheka, Cajetan. African Ecomedia: Network Forms, Planetary Politics. Duke U P, 2021.

Jones, Reece. Violent Borders: Refugees and the Right to Move. Verso, 2017.

Mbembe, Achille. “The idea of a borderless world.” Africa Is a Country.11 Nov. 2018. https://africasacountry.com/2018/11/the-idea-of-a-borderless-world.

Mbembe, Achille. Necropolitics, translated by Steven Corcoran. Duke U P, 2019.

Mbue, Imbolo. How Beautiful We Were. Penguin Random House, 2021.

Mbue, Imbolo & Arun Venugopal. “Author Imbolo Mbue Explores The Politics Of Oil in ‘How Beautiful We Were’.” NPR, 29 Apr. 2021. www.npr.org/2021/04/29/991956171/author-imbolo-mbue-explores-the-politics-of-oil-in-how-beautiful-we-were.

McBrien, Justin. “Accumulating Extinction: Planetary Catastrophism in the Necrocene.” Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism, edited by Jason W. Moore. PM, 2016, pp. 116–37.

Moore, Jason W. “Introduction. Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism.” Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism, edited by Jason W. Moore. PM, 2016, pp. 1–11.

Nixon, Rob. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Harvard U P, 2011.

Omelsky, Matthew. “‘After the End Times’: Postcrisis African Science Fiction.” The Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry vol. 1, no. 1, 2014, pp. 33–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/pli.2013.2.

Saldanha, Arun. “Globalization as a Crisis of Mobility: A Critique of Spherology.” Life Adrift: Climate Change, Migration, Critique, edited by Andrew Baldwin & Giovanni Bettini. Rowman & Littlefield, 2017, pp. 151–73.

Schewel, Kerilyn. “Understanding Immobility: Moving Beyond the Mobility Bias in Migration Studies.” International Migration Review vol. 54, no. 2, 2019, pp. 328–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918319831952.

Sheikh, Shela. “The Future of the Witness: Nature, Race and More-Than-Human Environmental Publics.” Kronos vol. 44, no. 1, 2018, pp. 145–62. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9585/2018/v44a9.

Sheller, Mimi. “Mobility Justice.” Handbook of Research Methods and Applications for Mobilities, edited by Monika Büscher, et al. Edward Elgar, 2020, pp. 11–20.

Slemon, Stephen. “Magic Realism as Postcolonial Discourse.” Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community, edited by Lois Parkinson Zamora & Wendy B. Faris. Duke U P, 1995, pp. 407–26.

Steffen, Will, Paul J. Crutzen & John R. McNeill. “The Anthropocene: Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature?” Ambio vol. 36, no. 8, 2007, pp. 615–8. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25547826.

Steiner, Richard. “Time to End ‘Blood Oil’ Disaster in the Niger Delta.” Huffpost. 10 Mar. 2016. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/time-to-end-blood-oil-dis_b_9420928.

Swyngedouw, Erik. Social Power and the Urbanization of Water: Flows of Power. Oxford U P, 2004.

Ticktin, Miriam & Rafi Youatt. “Intersecting Mobilities: Beyond the Autonomy of Movement and Power of Place.” Borderlands Journal vol. 21, no.1, 2022, pp. 1–17. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48767829.

Watts, Michael J. “Petro-Violence: Some Thoughts on Community, Extraction, and Political Ecology.” Institute Of International Studies. 1999. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7zh116zd.

Wenzel, Jennifer. “Petro-Magic-Realism Revisited: Unimagining and Reimagining the Niger Delta.” Oil Culture, edited by Ross Barrett & Daniel Worden. U of Minnesota P, 2014, pp. 211–25.

Wenzel, Jennifer. “Petro-Magic-Realism: Toward a Political Ecology of Nigerian Literature.” Postcolonial Studies vol. 9, no. 4, 2006, pp. 449–64.

Whyte, Kyle Powys. “Our Ancestors’ Dystopia Now: Indigenous Conservation and the Anthropocene.” The Routledge Companion to the Environmental Humanities, edited by Ursula K. Heise, Jon Christensen & Michelle Niemann. Routledge, 2017, pp. 206–15.

Wilson, Rawdon. “The Metamorphoses Of Fictional Space: Magical Realism.” Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community, edited by Lois Parkinson Zamora & Wendy B. Faris. Duke U P, 1995, pp. 209–34.

Witze, Alexandra. “It’s final: the Anthropocene is not an epoch, despite protest over vote.” Nature, 20 March 2024, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-00868-1.

Yusoff, Kathryn. A Billion Black Anthropocenes or None. U of Minnesota P, 2018.

Downloads

Published

2025-04-29

Issue

Section

Research articles

How to Cite

Więckowska, K. (2025). Petrocapitalism, displacement, and (im)mobilities in Imbolo Mbue’s How Beautiful We Were. Tydskrif Vir Letterkunde, 62(1), 5-13. https://doi.org/10.17159/tl.v62i1.18794